RANDAP: An integrated framework for reliability analysis of detailed action plans of combined automatic-operator emergency response taking into account control room operator errors

Automatic process control and control room operators supervision/intervention in an emergency are of critical importance in major hazard industries. These combined operator and automatic actions are defined in Detailed Action Plans (DAP). A framework has been proposed for analyzing the reliability, and hence the likelihood of success, of DAPs. The Reliability Block Diagram technique is utilized for modeling the reliability of integrated automatic-operator emergency actions. The focus is on incorporating operator's operational and cognitive errors in the process/equipment reliability analysis. For this purpose, the human reliability analysis method SPAR-H is utilized. The proposed framework was used for analyzing emergency response DAPs of a real process plant in order to check and improve its applicability. It is argued that the presented framework facilitates the DAP assessment process by performing Task Analysis, modeling the detailed tasks as well as reliability analysis, thereby uncovering the shortcomings of the designed DAPs. Besides, it provides a very effective, transparent tool with insight into improvement areas and directions for improving the reliability of DAPs.     

相控阵双波法缺陷定量与定性

介绍用相控阵超声检测（PAUT）,借助于缺陷衍射回波信号间距和波幅比,改善对缺陷进行定量定性的方法。缺陷快速定性（分类）和准确定量（测高）对在制检测和在用检测很有实用意义。期盼此法迅速推广应用于承压设备检测。     

The use of a Delphi consultation to explore the curriculum for sustainable development in engineering

Developing a curriculum for sustainable development for engineers, even on a small scale, is a complex task. The University of Manchester has been undertaking a pilot project for an experiential, student-centred approach across engineering and science disciplines, described elsewhere. But that pilot also provided a springboard for the study described in this article. Group techniques for resolving complex issues have been around for half a century but mostly applied to questions of forecasting. Of these, the Delphi technique seemed to best fit the curriculum issues that we wished to explore. This article sets out some of the background to the choice of the Delphi approach, the questions that we sought to answer, the responses that we obtained and some discussion of the appropriateness of the approach to other issues of sustainable development and curriculum design.     

Synchrotron micro-scale measurement of metal distributions in Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia root tissue from an urban brownfield site

Liberty State Park in New Jersey,USA,is a "brownfield" site containing various levels of contaminants.To investigate metal uptake and distributions in plants on the brownfield site,Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia were collected in Liberty State Park during the growing season(May–September)in 2011 at two sites with the high and low metal loads,respectively.The objective of this study was to understand the metal(Fe,Mn,Cu,Pb and Zn)concentration and spatial distributions in P.australis and T.latifolia root systems with micro-meter scale resolution using synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence(μXRF)and synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography(μCMT)techniques.The root structure measurement by synchrotron μCMT showed that high X-ray attenuation substance appeared in the epidermis.Synchrotron μXRF measurement showed that metal concentrations and distributions in the root cross-section between epidermis and vascular tissue were statistically different.Significant correlations were found between metals(Cu,Mn,Pb and Zn)and Fe in the epidermis,implying that metals were scavenged by Fe oxides.The results from this study suggest that the expression of metal transport and accumulation within the root systems may be element specific.The information derived from this study can improve our current knowledge of the wetland plant ecological function in brownfield remediation.     

太湖水体固氮速率时空变化

使用乙炔还原法及原位模拟对太湖水体的固氮作用进行季节性研究.结果表明,太湖水体的平均固氮速率为1.53 ng·L~(-1)·h~(-1),年固氮量为10.73 t.比较不同湖区的固氮速率可发现:梅梁湾、竺山湾等北部湖区是水体固氮作用的热点区域,而其他如湖心区、贡湖湾等水体的固氮作用较微弱.太湖水体固氮作用表现出明显的周期性季节特征,4个季节的固氮速率分别为0.10 ng·L~(-1)·h~(-1)(春季)、5.88 ng·L~(-1)·h~(-1)(夏季)、0.14 ng·L~(-1)·h~(-1)(秋季)和5.62×10-5ng·L~(-1)·h~(-1)(冬季).太湖水体中固氮蓝藻生物量是导致固氮速率空间差异的主要原因(p0.05);同时,固氮速率与水温之间的极显著正相关关系(p0.01)也证明了温度对固氮速率季节差异的影响.     

污泥微膨胀技术在印染废水处理中的应用

常州某印染小区废水处理厂,污泥指数（SVI）常年在150mL／g以上,经分析,污泥负荷低、原水中硫化物质量浓度高及水温适宜丝状菌生长是处理厂污泥易发生膨胀的主要原因。在此通过将SVI控制在160～260mL／g之间的有效方法,不但不会引起污泥流失,反而出水清澈,悬浮物极少,称之为“污泥丝状菌微膨胀”。     

Assessment of emerging and innovative techniques considering best available technique performances

For the past 20 years, the European context has been policy-driven by several directives to reduce pollution, one of the most important for industries being the industrial emissions directive (IED). The IED's objective is to minimise pollution from various industrial sources throughout the European Union. One means of attaining the objective is to implement techniques which have at least the same performance as reference techniques called best available techniques (BAT) given at European level. The study of existing methodologies on performance assessment of proven or emerging techniques has made it apparent that there are none taking into account the 12 criteria proposed by the Annex III of the IED to evaluate technique performances. Even if innovative techniques are not considered by the IED, support to (public or private) researchers in their development in terms of assessment methodology must be proposed. This is what we present in this article.The methodology based on a tree-structured information system (objectives, criteria, indicators) and a qualitative assessment of indicators (environmental, technical, economic and social) is an initial approach to an innovative technique assessment method considering BAT on laboratory or industrial scales. In an aim to adapt the criteria and indicators to a specific process, assessment methodologies must be adaptable. Our method allows for choosing indicators to comply perfectly with the process studied. Only the first level of the tree is fixed. The other branches could be adapted to the case studied. Performance assessment is based on a five-level scale coupled with a simple multi-criteria analysis (MCA) method. Three different applications (sludge valorisation, urban wastewater treatment, soil remediation) were carried out to validate the methodology, two of them are presented. Applications of this methodology show its usefulness in the validation of techniques for specific process and local application of the BAT concept and the performance assessment regarding BAT definition. It can then be used to detect innovative and emerging techniques to be proposed for the reviewing of the European BREF documents.     

燃煤电厂PM_(2.5)捕集增效技术的研究及应用

介绍了一种燃煤电厂PM2.5捕集增效技术—烟尘预荷电微颗粒捕集增效装置的结构组成和工作原理,研究了双极荷电对粉尘凝并的影响及扰流柱的产涡效果,在中试平台上测试了热态模拟烟气条件下该装置的增效结果。该技术在300MW机组工程上应用的测试结果为:电除尘器出口PM2.5下降30%,烟尘总质量浓度下降20%。     

基因工程菌强化芳香化合物的处理工艺

分别固定克隆有甲苯加双氧酶基因的工程菌和筛选出的野生菌株,串联两种固定化细胞反应器,研究以基因工程菌突破关键步骤的限制,筛选菌株辅助完成彻底降解芳香类污染物复合工艺可行性和强化效果.克隆有苯降解过程中的关键基因——甲苯加双氧酶的基因工程菌E. coli. JM109(pKST11)对苯具有较高的降解效率和降解速度,应用于固定化细胞反应器中效果突出.在较短的水力停留时间内,可以将1500mg/L苯降解70%,降解速度为1.11mg/(Ls),延长水力停留时间,可以使去除率达到95%以上.该反应器对高浓度的苯具有突出的处理效果.同时所得到的产物为环己二烯双醇,可以被野生非高效菌W3快速利用.     

固定化微生物技术在环境工程中的应用研究进展

综述了固定化微生物的制作方法及载体的选择,并对固定化技术在废水、大气和土壤等环境工程中的应用和研究进展状况进行了简介,同时对固定化技术的应用前景及存在的问题进行了评述。